<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://metafora.rcsi.science/xsd_files/journal3.xsd">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">moitvivt</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование, оптимизация и информационные технологии</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Modeling, Optimization and Information Technology</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2310-6018</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Издательство</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26102/2310-6018/2026.58.7.016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="custom" custom-type="elpub">2399</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Определение геолокации по кадрам видеорегистратора с использованием ResNet</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Geolocation determination from dashcam footage using ResNet</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8584-6484</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Басханов</surname>
              <given-names>Артур Русланович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Baskhanov</surname>
              <given-names>Artur Ruslanovich</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>bashanov.artur@yandex.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>10.26102/2310-6018/2026.58.7.016</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © Авторы, 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://moitvivt.ru/ru/journal/article?id=2399"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Актуальность исследования обусловлена ростом объемов уличных снимков и необходимостью их автоматической географической привязки без использования GPS-метаданных. В связи с этим статья направлена на оценку возможности определения координат фотографий в пределах одного города с помощью глубоких нейросетей. Ведущим методом исследования является применение сверточных нейросетей ResNet18 и ResNet50 для регрессии широты и долготы по кадрам размером 512×512 пикселей. Для сбора данных использована открытая платформа Mapillary, а для равномерного покрытия территории Уфы разработана программа с разбиением города на сетку из 10 000 ячеек. Всего собрано 88 798 изображений с точной привязкой к координатам. В статье представлены количественные результаты обучения моделей. Модель на базе ResNet50 достигает медианной ошибки локализации около 3,1 км после 13 эпох, при этом 92,6 % предсказаний попадают в радиус 10 км от истинного положения. Методом Smooth Grad‑CAM визуализированы области, на которые модель опирается при определении координат; показано, что модель фокусируется на фасадах зданий, перекрестках и дорожной разметке. Материалы статьи представляют практическую ценность для систем автоматической геопривязки больших массивов уличных фотографий. Работа также предлагает воспроизводимый пайплайн для городской геолокации и анализирует поведенческое внимание нейросетей в данной задаче.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The relevance of this study is driven by the growing volume of street‑level imagery and the need for automatic georeferencing without relying on GPS metadata. Accordingly, this paper aims to assess the feasibility of determining photograph coordinates within a single city using deep neural networks. The leading research method is the application of convolutional neural networks ResNet18 and ResNet50 for latitude and longitude regression from 512×512-pixel frames. Data were collected using the open Mapillary platform, and a custom program with a 10,000‑cell grid was developed to ensure uniform coverage of Ufa. A total of 88,798 geotagged images were collected. The paper presents quantitative results of model training. The ResNet50‑based model achieves a median localization error of approximately 3.1 km after 13 epochs, with 92.6% of predictions falling within a 10 km radius of the ground truth. Smooth Grad‑CAM visualizations reveal that the model focuses on building facades, intersections, road markings, and other infrastructure elements – semantically meaningful landmarks for urban geolocation. The materials of the article are of practical value for automatic georeferencing systems for large collections of street‑level imagery and for the development of visual localization methods for autonomous vehicles. The work also provides a reproducible pipeline for city‑level image geolocation and analyses the behavioral attention of convolutional neural networks in this task.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>геолокация изображений</kwd>
        <kwd>сверточные нейросети</kwd>
        <kwd>ResNet</kwd>
        <kwd>анализ городских сцен</kwd>
        <kwd>глубокая регрессия</kwd>
        <kwd>визуализация внимания</kwd>
        <kwd>Smooth Grad‑CAM</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapillary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>image geolocation</kwd>
        <kwd>convolutional neural networks</kwd>
        <kwd>ResNet</kwd>
        <kwd>urban scene analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>deep regression</kwd>
        <kwd>attention visualization</kwd>
        <kwd>Smooth Grad‑CAM</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapillary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="cit1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weyand T., Kostrikov I., Philbin J. PlaNet – Photo Geolocation with Convolutional Neural Networks. In: Proceedings of the Computer Vision – ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, 11–14 October 2016, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Cham: Springer; 2016. P. 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46484-8_3</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hays J., Efros A.A. IM2GPS: estimating geographic information from a single image. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 23–28 June 2008, Anchorage, AK, USA. IEEE; 2008. P. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587784</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Workman S., Jacobs N. On the location dependence of convolutional neural network features. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 7–12 June 2015, Boston, MA, USA. IEEE; 2015. P. 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2015.7301385</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melekhov I., Kannala J., Rahtu E. Siamese network features for image matching. In: Proceedings of the 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 4–8 December 2016, Cancún, Mexico. IEEE; 2016. P. 378–383. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2016.7899663</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou Y., Quintana M., Khomiakov M., et al. Global Streetscapes – a comprehensive dataset of 10 million street-level images across 688 cities for urban science and analytics. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2024;215:216–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.06.023</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chattopadhyay A., Sarkar A., Howlader P., et al. Grad-CAM++: Generalized Gradient-Based Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networks. In: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 12–15 March 2018, Lake Tahoe, NV, USA. IEEE; 2018. P. 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2018.00097</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He K., Zhang X., Ren S., et al. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 27–30 June 2016, Las Vegas, NV, USA. IEEE; 2016. P. 770–778. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.90</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Z., Shen C., Van Den Hengel A. Wider or Deeper: Revisiting the ResNet Model for Visual Recognition. Pattern Recognition. 2019;90:119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2019.01.006</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvaraju R.R., Cogswell M., Das A., et al. Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization. International Journal of Computer Vision. 2020;128(2):336–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01228-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shimizu T., Nagata F., Arima K., et al. Enhancing defective region visualization in industrial products using Grad-CAM and random masking data augmentation. Artificial Life and Robotics. 2024;29:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-023-00913-8</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller-Budack E., Pustu-Iren K., Ewerth R. Geolocation Estimation of Photos Using a Hierarchical Model and Scene Classification. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference, 8–14 September 2018, Munich, Germany. Cham: Springer; 2018. P. 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01258-8_35</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
</article>