Современное состояние и тенденции в области исследований и разработок неонатальных инкубаторов

Описана история создания и развития конструкций неонатальных инкубаторов. Рассмотрена обобщенная конструкция современного неонатального инкубатора и схемы циркуляции воздушных потоков, включая движение потоков в инкубаторах с двойными стенками. Дана классификация неонатальных инкубаторов. Приведен 51 производитель современных неонатальных инкубаторов из 17 стран с указанием адресов веб-страниц, на которых размещена информация о выпускаемых медицинских изделиях. Проведен анализ работ, связанных с модельными исследованиями тепломассообменных процессов в неонатальных инкубаторах с учетом терморегуляции ребенка, его 3D-модели, циркуляции воздушной среды, конвективного, лучистого и кондуктивного теплообмена. Показано, что для численного моделирования используются современные пакеты для вычислительной гидро-, аэро- и термодинамики. Численные модельные исследования сочетаются с физическим моделированием. Движение воздушных потоков анализируется с помощью видеокамер. Показано применение для задач исследования инкубаторов неонатальных фантомов, которые имеют анатомическое сходство с новорожденным ребенком и изготавливаются на основе аддитивных технологий. Имитация процесса терморегуляции производится за счет электрических нагревателей, датчиков температуры и систем управления на базе микроконтроллеров. Приведен обзор методов мониторинга параметров организма ребенка, помещенного в неонатальный инкубатор. Показано преимущество методов бесконтактного мониторинга с использованием видеокамер и термометрии. Рассмотрены современные системы управления неонатальными инкубаторами. Показано, что основным алгоритмом управления является ПИД-закон регулирования. Также представлены исследования по применению нечеткого управления и различных видов адаптивного управления. Установлено, что конструкции неонатальных инкубаторов требуют совершенствования системы защиты от шума, электромагнитного излучения, инфекций, контроля воздушной среды на наличие вредных примесей. Показаны возможные направления работ по повышению эффективности поддержания подходящих для новорожденных условий окружающей среды в неонатальных инкубаторах.

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